Addressing the growing challenge of space debris, a startup in Japan is gaining attention for its initiative to employ ground-based laser beams for the elimination of tiny space fragments.
Addressing the Global Challenge of Space Debris
The escalating growth of global space activities has intensified concerns about the proliferation of space debris, originating from inactive satellites and spent rocket bodies. In response to this threat, innovative solutions are emerging.
EX-Fusion’s Unique Approach to Space Debris Management
One standout contributor to tackling the space debris issue is the Japan-based startup, EX-Fusion. Setting itself apart with a distinctive approach, the company leverages advanced laser technology originally designed for fusion power to address the challenges posed by space debris.
Strategic Collaboration with EOS Space Systems
EX-Fusion has forged a strategic collaboration with Australian contractor EOS Space Systems. As part of their joint efforts, a high-powered laser is slated to be installed in an observatory outside Canberra.
Two-Phase Mission to Combat Space Debris
The mission is structured in two phases. In the initial stage, the laser will be utilized to track space debris measuring less than 10 centimeters, a notable challenge due to the difficulty of targeting such small fragments from the ground. In the subsequent phase, EX-Fusion and EOS Space aim to enhance the laser power to decelerate debris and facilitate its re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere for safe disposal.
Advantages of Ground-Based Strategy
While numerous initiatives worldwide explore satellite-based solutions for space debris, EX-Fusion’s ground-based strategy offers distinct advantages. The ease of handling improvements and maintenance on Earth sets this approach apart.
Innovative Technology: Diode-Pumped Solid-State (DPSS) Lasers
EX-Fusion’s technology relies on diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) lasers, which differ significantly from weapon-grade lasers commonly associated with high-powered laser systems. These lasers use pulsed energy to act as brakes, slowing down fast-moving debris and eventually removing space fragments.
CEO’s Perspective: Dual-Purpose Approach and Technical Challenges
Kazuki Matsuo, CEO of EX-Fusion, emphasizes that despite the lower power requirement for space debris removal compared to nuclear fusion, both endeavors share common technical challenges. This dual-purpose approach not only addresses the urgent need for space debris mitigation but also positions it as a valuable testing ground for the commercialization of fusion technology.
The Growing Problem of Space Junk
Understanding the Spectrum of Space Debris
The term “space debris” encompasses a broad category, including both meteoroids and orbital debris. Orbital debris refers to human-made objects in space that have ceased to function.
A Cumulative Impact: European Space Agency’s Assessment
The European Space Agency highlights the consequences of over 60 years of space activities, revealing that more than 9,300 tons of material currently orbit Earth. This material ranges from large, inactive satellites to minute paint flecks discarded during rocket launches.
Congregation in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
The majority of space junk congregates in low Earth orbit (LEO), a critical zone located between 160 and 1000 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. LEO is vital for satellite imaging and hosts the International Space Station (ISS).
LEO: A Crucial Yet Hazardous Zone
Despite its significance, NASA characterizes LEO as an “orbital space junkyard,” presenting a substantial collision risk to the ISS. Currently, this region accommodates over 4,550 operational satellites and 3,000 non-functional ones, all monitored by systems aimed at preventing collisions.
Velocity Adds to the Risk
Objects in LEO travel at an astounding speed of approximately 17,000 mph. This velocity amplifies the risk, as even small debris items can inflict severe damage. Safeguarding this orbit necessitates constant vigilance and advanced collision avoidance systems.
As space activities continue to evolve, addressing the challenge of space debris becomes increasingly vital to ensuring the sustainability and safety of activities in Earth’s orbit.
Beyond Immediate Concerns: Navigating the Growing Threat of Space Debris
The looming threat of Kessler Syndrome, wherein existing debris triggers a self-replicating cascade of orbital junk, adds urgency to the challenge of managing space debris.
US Department of Defense’s Vigilance with Space Surveillance Network
The US Department of Defense actively monitors a catalog of over 29,000 objects through the Space Surveillance Network (SSN), utilizing optical and radar sensors. Despite these efforts, the prompt removal of satellites post-mission is deemed crucial to curb the escalation of space debris.
Implications for Space Access: Scientists’ Cautionary Note
Scientists emphasize that the increasing volume of space debris poses a substantial threat to our ability to access space, potentially hindering the launch of sensitive equipment. The European Space Agency (ESA) warns that current space practices are unsustainable.
Innovative Solutions for Debris Removal
Various methods for removing inactive satellites are being explored, including pulling them into Earth’s atmosphere for incineration. The European Space Agency’s “space claw,” ClearSpace-1, scheduled to launch in 2025, aims to capture and dispose of space junk. In 2021, Japan’s Astroscale showcased success with Elsa-D, a system using magnets for capturing and removing debris, addressing the challenge of orbital object capture.
Exploring Novel Approaches: Laser Nudges and Precision Challenges
The Federation of American Scientists proposes innovative approaches like ground and space laser nudges as economical alternatives for mitigating debris. However, overcoming challenges related to precision and power is crucial in the development process.
EX-Fusion’s Pioneering Initiatives
While various endeavors grapple with the complexities of space debris mitigation, EX-Fusion’s initiatives stand out as pioneering efforts. By addressing the pressing issue of space debris, these initiatives could complement existing services focusing on the removal of larger debris fragments, exemplified by companies like Astroscale.